The Battle of Passchendaele, or Third Battle of Ypres was one of the major battles of World War I. The battle consisted of a series of operations starting in June 1917 and finally dissipating in November 1917 in which Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. The attack served several strategic purposes.
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- 508,800 dead, wounded, missing, or captured
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- Germany
- British Empire
* * * * India
* * South Africa France
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- Strategic Allied victory; tactical German victory
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- 508,800 dead, wounded, missing, or captured
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- Germany
- British Empire
* * * * India
* * South Africa France
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- Strategic Allied victory; tactical German victory
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- The Battle of Passchendaele, or Third Battle of Ypres was one of the major battles of World War I. The battle consisted of a series of operations starting in June 1917 and finally dissipating in November 1917 in which Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. The attack served several strategic purposes. A successful attack offered the British a chance of inflicting significant casualties on the German army. A breakthrough in Flanders would hinder the German submarine campaign against British shipping, and also help prevent German bombers from attacking targets in mainland Britain. Whether successful or not, the attack would prevent the German Army from exploiting the serious morale problems of the French. During the battle, British troops launched several massive attacks, heavily supported by artillery and aircraft. However, they never managed to make a decisive breakthrough against well-entrenched German lines. The battle consisted of a series of 'Bite and Hold' attacks to capture critical terrain and wear down the German army, lasting until the Canadian Corps took Passchendaele on 6 November 1917, ending the battle. Although inflicting irreplaceable casualties on the Germans, the Allies had captured a mere 5 miles (8 km) of new territory at a cost of 140,000 combat deaths, a ratio of roughly 2 inches (5 cm) gained per dead soldier. All of the captured ground was retaken by the Germans without resistance 5 months later during the Battle of the Lys. Passchendaele has become synonymous with the misery of grinding attrition warfare fought in thick mud. Most of the battle took place on reclaimed marshland, swampy even without rain. 1917 had an unusually cold and wet summer, and heavy artillery bombardment destroyed the surface of the land. Though there were dry periods, mud was nevertheless a constant feature of the landscape; newly-developed tanks bogged down in mud, and soldiers often drowned in it. The battle is a subject of fierce debate among historians, particularly in Britain. The volume of the British Official History of the War which covered Passchendaele was the last to be published, and there is evidence it was biased to reflect well on Field Marshal Douglas Haig and badly on General Hubert Gough, the commander of the Fifth Army. The heavy casualties suffered by the British Army in return for slender territorial gains have led many historians to follow the example of David Lloyd George, the Prime Minister of the time, and use it as an example of senseless waste and poor generalship. There is also a revisionist school of thought which seeks to emphasise the achievements of the British Army in the battle, in inflicting great damage on the German Army, relieving pressure on the distressed French, and developing offensive tactics capable of dealing with German defensive positions, which were significant in winning the war in 1918. Casualty figures for the battle are still a matter of some controversy. Some accounts suggest that the Allies suffered significantly heavier losses than the Germans, while others offer more even figures. However, no-one disputes that hundreds of thousands of soldiers on both sides were killed or crippled. Adolf Hitler was a Gefreiter in this battle. The last surviving veteran of the battle was Private Harry Patch (17 June 1898 - 25 July 2009).
- La battaglia di Passchendaele, detta anche Terza battaglia di Ypres, è una battaglia della Prima guerra mondiale. Ebbe inizio verso il 29 luglio 1917 e, secondo le aspettative di Douglas Haig, il generale delle forze britanniche, avrebbe permesso agli alleati di riconquistare il Belgio. Il 29 luglio, dopo una devastante serie di cannoneggiamenti, le forze inglesi uscirono dalle trincee e attaccarono frontalmente quelle tedesche che però, contrariamente alle previsioni alleate, erano integre. Le forze inglesi vennero bloccate da un micidiale fuoco incrociato tedesco, ordinato dal generale Paul von Hindenburg. Alla fine di agosto le forze inglesi erano avanzate di pochi metri; a ciò si aggiunse una serie di continue piogge che allagarono completamente il campo di battaglia.
- De Derde Slag om Ieper, ook bekend als de Slag om Passendale (en internationaal bekend als Passchendaele), was een grote veldslag die in 1917 tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog door Britse, ANZAC en Canadese troepen enerzijds en het Duitse leger anderzijds werd uitgevochten.
- Bitwa pod Passchendaele (znana także jako Trzecia bitwa pod Ypres) - jedna z najkrwawszych bitew I wojny światowej rozegrana pomiędzy połączonymi armiami Wielkiej Brytanii, Kanady, Południowej Afryki, ANZAC i Francji, a armią Cesarstwa Niemieckiego. Celem bitwy było przejęcie kontroli nad wioską Passchendaele, w pobliżu Ypres we Flandrii Zachodniej. Plan Aliantów zakładał uczynienie wyłomu w liniach niemieckich, dostanie się na belgijskie wybrzeże i zajęcie znajdujących się tam baz niemieckich okrętów podwodnych. Bitwa toczona była w niesamowicie ciężkich warunkach terenowych. Obszar ten był z natury bagnisty, jednak dodatkowo od sierpnia nastąpiło załamanie pogody. Ciągłe opady deszczu utworzyły na mocno wcześniej zbombardowanym terenie niemożliwe do przejścia morze błota. Szacuje się, iż w wypełnionych wodą kraterach utonęło co najmniej kilkadziesiąt tysięcy żołnierzy. Bagno uniemożliwiało też użycie czołgów. Niemcy byli dobrze umocnieni w sieci bunkrów. W końcu, po trzech miesiącach krwawych walk, 6 listopada 1917 Passchendaele zostało zdobyte przez Kanadyjczyków. Bitwa jest uważana za jedną z najbardziej kontrowersyjnych i bezowocnych kampanii I wojny światowej. Prawie pół miliona żołnierzy alianckich i ćwierć miliona Niemców zginęło lub odniosło rany w walce o kawałek zrujnowanej, bagnistej ziemi. Bitwa przesunęła linię frontu o ok. 10 kilometrów. Nie zmieniło to w znaczący sposób sytuacji żadnej ze stron. Dodatkowo, w kwietniu następnego roku, w bitwie pod Lys Niemcy odzyskali prawie cały obszar utracony pod Passchendaele. Najstarszym weteranem bitwy był Henry Allingham, wyróżniony różnymi odznaczeniami.
- Битва при Пашендейле — одно из крупнейших сражений Первой мировой войны между союзными и германскими войсками. Сражение состояло из ряда отдельных боевых операций, продолжавшихся с июля 1917 года, до ноября 1917 года. Сражение велось на территории Бельгии в районе деревни Пашендейль, близ города Ипра в Западной Фландрии. Операция под Пашендейлем имела ряд стратегических задач. Главной задачей было уничтожение баз германских подводных лодок на побережье Северного моря и тем самым нанесение серьёзного удара по плану неограниченной подводной войны. В ходе наступления, британские войска большое количество раз предпринимали попытки прорвать германский фронт в районе Пашендейля. Однако им так и не удалось добиться прорыва германского фронта в намеченных местах. Сражение продолжалось с июля 1917 года и завершилось 6 ноября 1917 года, когда канадским войскам удалось захватить деревню Пашендейль. Битва при Пашендейле стала символом солдатского страдания в ужасных условиях. Сражения проходили в болотистой местности, к тому же лето 1917 года выдалось холодным и дождливым. Войска с обеих сторон фактически «утонули в грязи» Пашендейля. Битва при Пашендейле унесла сотни тысяч жизней. Союзники понесли большие потери, сумев продвинуться лишь на несколько километров. Однако многие историки подчёркивают важную роль битвы при Пашендейле, поскольку она усовершенствовала наступательную тактику союзников и позволила в конечном итоге завершить войну в 1918 году. Цифры потерь вызывают споры до сих пор. Однако известно, что сотни тысяч человек были убиты и ранены с обеих сторон.
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- Australian gunners on a duckboard track in Château Wood near Hooge, 29 October 1917. Photo by Frank Hurley.
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- 348,300 dead, wounded, missing, or captured
- 508,800 dead, wounded, missing, or captured
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- Battle of Passchendaele
Third Battle of Ypres
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- July 11 - November 10, 1917
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- The Battle of Passchendaele, or Third Battle of Ypres was one of the major battles of World War I. The battle consisted of a series of operations starting in June 1917 and finally dissipating in November 1917 in which Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. The attack served several strategic purposes.
- La battaglia di Passchendaele, detta anche Terza battaglia di Ypres, è una battaglia della Prima guerra mondiale. Ebbe inizio verso il 29 luglio 1917 e, secondo le aspettative di Douglas Haig, il generale delle forze britanniche, avrebbe permesso agli alleati di riconquistare il Belgio. Il 29 luglio, dopo una devastante serie di cannoneggiamenti, le forze inglesi uscirono dalle trincee e attaccarono frontalmente quelle tedesche che però, contrariamente alle previsioni alleate, erano integre.
- De Derde Slag om Ieper, ook bekend als de Slag om Passendale (en internationaal bekend als Passchendaele), was een grote veldslag die in 1917 tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog door Britse, ANZAC en Canadese troepen enerzijds en het Duitse leger anderzijds werd uitgevochten.
- Bitwa pod Passchendaele (znana także jako Trzecia bitwa pod Ypres) - jedna z najkrwawszych bitew I wojny światowej rozegrana pomiędzy połączonymi armiami Wielkiej Brytanii, Kanady, Południowej Afryki, ANZAC i Francji, a armią Cesarstwa Niemieckiego. Celem bitwy było przejęcie kontroli nad wioską Passchendaele, w pobliżu Ypres we Flandrii Zachodniej.
- Битва при Пашендейле — одно из крупнейших сражений Первой мировой войны между союзными и германскими войсками. Сражение состояло из ряда отдельных боевых операций, продолжавшихся с июля 1917 года, до ноября 1917 года.
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- Terza battaglia di Ypres
- Derde Slag om Ieper
- Bitwa pod Passchendaele
- Битва при Пашендейле
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